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Enamel structure of Reptiles

Shuhei Torii, Hiroyuki Mishima, Kunihiro Suzuki, and Yukishige Kozawa
Department of Anatomy, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matudo,
Matudo, Chiba271, Japan.


Abstract:
This study investigated the original form of the enamel prism and Hunter-schreger bands in 6 species of fossil reptiles and a primitive mammal with the scanning electron microscopy.$B!!(JCrocodile group had the non-prismatic enamel, and the enamel lamellae was observed in it. The premonitory structures of both enamel prism and Hunter-schreger bands were observed in the enamel of Pyhytosaurus sp. and Mosaaurus sp.. The enamel of Phytosaurus sp. showed the unit of crystals, which was encircled by the crack (or enamel lamellae). The crystal orientation between the neighboring unit clearly differed at the crack. This structure of each crystal unit might be formed by a group of several ameloblasts, moving rhythmically. Each group of ameloblasts had each peculiar motion, and formed each unit of crystal orientation, so that crystal orientation clearly changed at the border of crack. In the enamel of Mosasaurus sp., the crystal unit, containing a enamel tubule, was more smaller than that of Phytosaurus sp.. It is assumed that the group of ameloblasts become smaller and smaller numbers according to the tooth evolution and finally form the enamel prism. The structure of crack may be the origin of enamel lamella, enamel tuft and it may become prism sheath.



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$B#1!%(JAllognathosuchus sp.$B!J%o%KL\!";O3\0!L\(J Aligatoridae$B2J!"?7@8Be!"Bh#35*!";O?7@$Cf4|!K(J
$B#2!%(JPristichampsus sp.$B!J%o%KL\!";O3\0!L\!"(JCrocodylidae $B2J!"?7@8Be!"Bh#35*!";O?7@8Cf4|!K(J
$B#3!%(JEdmontsaurus sp.$B!JD;HWL\!"Cf@-Be!"Gr0!5*!K(J
$B#4!%(JBahriasaurus sp.$B!JN5HWL\!"Cf@-Be!"Gr0!5*!K(J
$B#5!%(JMosasaurus sp.$B!JM-NZL\!"%H%+%20!L\!"Cf@-Be!"Gr0!5*!K(J
$B#6!%(JDiplocybodon sp.$B!JNB;uL\!"Cf@-Be!"%8%e%i5*!K(J
$B#7!%(JPhytosaurus sp.$B!JAe;uL\!"Cf@-Be!";0>v5*!K(J

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$B!!?^#1$O!"%o%KL\$N(JAllognathosuchus sp.$B$NL5>.Cl%(%J%a%k=$,I=LL$KD>3Q$KG[Ns$7$F$$$k!#:82<$N%(%J%a%k>]2g6-IU6a!J(JD.E.J.$B!K$K$O%(%J%a%k:Y4I$,4Q;!$5$l!"$^$?!"%(%J%a%kMUHDMM9=B$$bG'$a$i$l$k!#$3$N9=B$$r(Jcrack$B$H8F$V$3$H$b$"$k(J6 )$B!#%(%J%a%k=G[Ns$,0lMM$G$"$j!"7k>=$,0lDj$N=89g$r$J$9C10L$,G'$a$i$l!"6Q.Cl%(%J%a%ku$H$J$C$?%(%J%a%kMUHDMM9=B$$,4Q;!$5$l!"%(%J%a%k>]2g6-IU6a!J(JD.E.J.$B!K$G$O%(%J%a%k:Y4I$,B??tG'$a$i$l$k!#$o$:$+$K1_?m>u$NG[Ns$r<($97k>=$NC10L$,G'$a$i$l$k!#(J
$B!!?^#3$O62N5$ND;HWL\$N(JEdmontsaurus sp.$B$N%(%J%a%k=$N=89g$7$?C10L$,4Q;!$5$l$k!#EE;RL)EY$N0c$$$,8r8_$KG'$a$i$l$k$,!"$3$l$O7k>=$NG[8~$K$h$k$b$N$G$"$j!"8&KaLL$KJ?9T$JNN0h$GEE;RL)EY$,9b$$!#$=$l$>$l$NC10LCf!"$^$?$OC10L4V$K$*$$$FEE;RL)EY$K:9$,$"$k$,!"$3$l$O7k>=$NG[Ns$,0[$J$k;v$K5/0x$7$F$$$k!#C10L$NBg$-$5$d7ABV$OIT5,B'$G$"$k!#?^#4$N62N5$NN5HWL\$G$"$k(JBahariasaurus sp.$B$N%(%J%a%k=$,$d$d1_?m>u$KG[Ns$70lDj$NC10L$r:n$j!"<~0O$KITL@NF$G$O$"$k$,9B$i$7$-$b$N!JLp0u!K$rG'$a$k!#(J
$B!!?^#5$N2=@P`(CnN`$N(JMosasaurus sp.$B$G$O!"%(%J%a%kMUHDMM9=B$$,B??t$N>.$5$$IT5,B'$JC10L$r7A@.$7!"Cf$KD>7BLs(J3.2$B!A(J1.5$B&L#m%(%J%a%k:Y4I!JLp0u!K$rG'$a$k!#$3$N$h$&$J%(%J%a%kMUHDMM9=B$$K0O$^$l$?#1$D#1$D$NC10L$O!"%(%J%a%k>]2g6-$K@hC<$r8~$1$?1_?m>u9=B$$H9M$($i$l$k!#C10LCf$K$*$$$F0lIt$G$O!"7k>=$O8&KaLL$K$[$\?bD>$K!"B>$OJ?9T$J7k>=$NG[Ns$r<($9!#(J
$B!!?^#6$NS.F}N`$G$"$k(JDyplocynodon sp.$B$O!"L5>.Cl%(%J%a%k=$N=8CD$OG'$a$i$l$J$$!#$7$+$7!"%(%J%a%k>]2g6-!J(JD.E.J.$B!K$+$i%(%J%a%k $B!!?^#7$O!"Ae;uL\$N(JPhytosaurus sp.$B$N%(%J%a%k=$NG[Ns@-$,0c$&$3$H$,4Q;!$5$l$k!#EE;RL)EY$N9b$$It0L$K$*$$$F$O7k>=$,8&KaLL$KBP$7$F$KG[8~$7$F$$$k!#%(%J%a%kMUHDMM9=B$!JLp0u!K$G$O!"7k>=$NG[8~$,5^7c$KJQ2=$7$F$$$k$?$a!"$3$N55Nv$,%(%J%a%k=$NG[Ns@-$,L@NF$KG'$a$i$l$k$,!"$3$l$r1_?m>u9=B$$H$9$k!#@.D9@~$O!"?^#7$NG!$/!"%(%J%a%kMUHDMM9=B$$r=$NG[Ns$N0c$$$r7A@.$9$k$b$N$H9M$($i$l$k!#(J
$B!!0J>e$N$3$H$+$i%(%J%a%kMUHDMM9=B$$K0O$^$l$?C10L$OBg$-$5!"7ABV!"6&$KIT5,B'$G$"$j!"$+$D%(%J%a%ko$KBg$-$5$,JQ2=$9$k!#$7$+$7!"3FC10L$O%(%J%a%ke?^$N$h$&$K%(%J%a%k2j:YK&$N=8CD$NBg$-$5$,%(%J%a%k=$NG[Ns$rJQ2=$5$;$k$?$a1_?m>u$N$=$l$>$l$NC10L$,7A@.$5$l!":YK&=8CD$N6-3&$,%(%J%a%kMUHDMM9=B$$r7A@.$9$k$H?dDj$9$k!#%(%J%a%k>.Cl$O$3$N7k>=$NC10L$,>.7?2=$7#18D$N%(%J%a%k2j:YK&$K$J$C$?$b$N$H9M$($i$l$k!#$3$N:YK&=8CD$,7k>=$NJ}8~@-$r3FC10L$4$H$K0[$J$C$?$b$N$H$7$F$$$k!#B($A!"`(CnN`$K8+$i$l$k7k>=$N=8CD$NC10L$O!"9bEyS.F}N`$N%(%J%a%k>.Cl$d%7%e%l!<%2%k$N>rLf$N5/8;$H$7$F$N9=B$$H9M$($i$l$h$&!#(J

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$B#9(J $B!K;32

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{$B!!(JSorry, Figures will be installed soon.$B!!(J}

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Allognathosuchus sp.$B$NAv::7?EE;R82Hy6@A|A4BNE*$K7k>=G[Ns$,0lMM$G$"$j!"E57?E*$JL5>.Cl%(%J%a%k]2g6-!$%9%1!<%k!a#5#0&L#m(J

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Edmontsaurus sp.$B$NAv::7?EE;R82Hy6@A|%(%J%a%kMUHDMM9=B$$K0O$^$l$?7k>=$N=89g$7$?C10L$,4Q;!$5$l$k!#%9%1!<%k!a#5#0&L#m(J

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Bahariasaurus sp.$B$NAv::7?EE;R82Hy6@A|7k>=$,$d$d1_?m>u$NC10L$r$7$F$*$j!"<~0O$K9B$i$7$-$b$N$,4Q;!$5$l$k!#%9%1!<%k!a#5&L#m(J

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Mosasaurus sp.$B$NAv::7?EE;R82Hy6@A|%(%J%a%k>]2g6-$K@hC<$r8~$1$?1_?m>u$N>.$5$JB??t$NC10L$,G'$a$i$l!"Cf$K%(%J%a%k:Y4I$rG'$a$k!#%9%1!<%k!a#5&L#m(J

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Diplocynodon sp.$B$NAv::7?EE;R82Hy6@A|L5>.Cl%(%J%a%k=$N=8CD$OG'$a$i$l$J$$!#(J
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Phytosaurus sp.$B$NAv::7?EE;R82Hy6@A|EE;RL)EY$N9b$$ItJ,$HDc$$ItJ,$rG'$a$i$l!"$=$N4V$K%(%J%a%kMUHDMM9=B$$rG'$a$k!#%9%1!<%k!a#1#0#0&L#m(J

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Phytosaurus sp.$B$NAv::7?EE;R82Hy6@A|EE;RL)EY$N9b$$ItJ,$HDc$$ItJ,$N6/3HBg!$EE;RL)EY$N:9$O7k>=$NG[8~$,5^7c$KJQ2=$7$F$$$k$?$a$G$"$k$3$H$,G'$a$i$l$k!#(J
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Phytosaurus sp.$B$NAv::7?EE;R82Hy6@A|3FC10L$4$H$N7k>=$NG[8~@-$,L@NF$K0c$&!#(J
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Plate$B-5(J

Fig.1: SEM micrograph of Allognathosuchus sp.

non-prismatic enamel$B!!(Jand crystal orientation is uniform.

D.E.J.: Dentine-enamel Junction, Bar=50$B&L(Jm

$B!!(JFig.2: SEM micrograph of Pristichampsus sp.

Conical units of crystal arrangement are observed in enamel.

D.E.J.: Dentine-enamel Junction, Bar=5$B&L(Jm

Fig.3: SEM micrograph of Edmontsaurus sp.

Crystal units are enclosed by the Crack. Bar=50$B&L(Jm

Fig.4: SEM micrograph of Bahariasaurus sp.

Crystal units forms slightly conical that is enclosed by the crack. Bar=5$B&L(Jm

Fig.5: SEM micrograph of Mosasaurus sp.

There are many small conical units which contained enamel tubules. The top of its cone directed
toward dentine-enamel junction. Bar=5$B&L(Jm

Fig.6: SEM micrograph of Diplocynodon sp.

Crystal unit cannot be observed and prismless enamel.

D.E.J.: dentine enamel junction, Bar=50$B&L(Jm

Plate$B-6(J

Fig.7: SEM micrograph of Phytosaurus sp.

There are high and low electron density areas, that is bounded by the crack. Bar=100$B&L(Jm

Fig.8: SEM micrograph of Phytosaurus sp.

High magnification of high and low electron density areas. Crystal orientation changes quickly
between them. arrow: enamel lamellae like structure, Bar=33.3$B&L(Jm

Fig.9: SEM micrograph of Phytosaurus sp.

Crystal orientation of each unit shows different.Bar=33.3$B&L(Jm

Fig.10: upper figure; Each group of ameloblasts changes the number of size and motion along with
the amelogenesis, so that crystals unit and its size shows also variable. The boundary forms border of
the crack.

Lower figure; sander(1994, non publication)